Make better data decisions. Buy Microsoft Excel 2016 and turn numbers into insights with state-of-the-art analysis and visualization tools. Spreadsheet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. A spreadsheet or worksheet may also refer to one such electronic document. This makes the spreadsheet useful for . Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets, and can display data either as text and numerals, or in graphical form. Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions, modern spreadsheets provide built- in functions for common financial and statistical operations. Such calculations as net present value or standard deviation can be applied to tabular data with a pre- programmed function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate on strings of text.
Spreadsheets have replaced paper- based systems throughout the business world. Although they were first developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are built, sorted, and shared. LANPAR, available in 1. Extools is a free Microsoft Excel add-in program, download Extools and get a collection of powerful and easy to use free Excel spreadsheet tools and utilities (built. LANPAR was an acronym: LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random. Lotus 1- 2- 3 was the leading spreadsheet when DOS was the dominant operating system. X locations, the columns, are normally represented by letters, . A single cell can be referred to by addressing its row and column, . This system of cell references was introduced in Visi. Calc, and known as . Additionally, spreadsheets have the concept of a range, a group of cells, normally contiguous. For instance, one can refer to the first ten cells in the first column with the range . A workbook is physically represented by a file, containing all the data for the book, the sheets and the cells with the sheets. Worksheets are normally represented by tabs that flip between pages, each one containing one of the sheets, although Numbers changes this model significantly. Cells in a multi- sheet book add the sheet name to their reference, for instance, . Some systems extend this syntax to allow cell references to different workbooks. Users interact with sheets primarily through the cells. A given cell can hold data by simply entering it in, or a formula, which is normally created by preceding the text with an equals sign. Data might include the string of text hello world, the number 5 or the date 1. Dec- 9. 1. A formula would begin with the equals sign, =5*3, but this would normally be invisible because the display shows the result of the calculation, 1. This may lead to confusion in some cases. The key feature of spreadsheets is the ability for a formula to refer to the contents of other cells, which may in turn be the result of a formula. To make such a formula, one simply replaces a number with a cell reference. For instance, the formula =5*C1. C1. 0 by the number 5. If C1. 0 holds the value 3 the result will be 1. But C1. 0 might also hold its own formula referring to other cells, and so on. The ability to chain formulas together is what gives a spreadsheet its power. Many problems can be broken down into a series of individual mathematical steps, and these can be assigned to individual formulas in cells. Some of these formulas can apply to ranges as well, like the SUM function that adds up all the numbers within a range. Spreadsheets share many principles and traits of databases, but spreadsheets and databases are not the same thing. A spreadsheet is essentially just one table, whereas a database is a collection of many tables with machine- readable semantic relationships between them. While it is true that a workbook that contains three sheets is indeed a file containing multiple tables that can interact with each other, it lacks the relational structure of a database. Spreadsheets and databases are interoperable. Programs within a suite use similar commands for similar functions. Usually sharing data between the components is easier than with a non- integrated collection of functionally equivalent programs. This was particularly an advantage at a time when many personal computer systems used text- mode displays and commands, instead of a graphical user interface. History. However, this concept of an electronic spreadsheet was outlined in the 1. Accounting and Analytical Methods) and its companion volume, Mattessich (1. Simulation of the Firm through a Budget Computer Program) applied computerized spreadsheets to accounting and budgeting systems (on mainframe computers programmed in FORTRAN IV). These batch Spreadsheets dealt primarily with the addition or subtraction of entire columns or rows (of input variables), rather than individual cells. In 1. 96. 2 this concept of the spreadsheet, called BCL for Business Computer Language, was implemented on an IBM 1. IBM 7. 04. 0 by R. Brian Walsh at Marquette University, Wisconsin. This program was written in Fortran. Primitive timesharing was available on those machines. In 1. 96. 8 BCL was ported by Walsh to the IBM 3. Washington State University. It was used to assist in the teaching of finance to business students. Students were able to take information prepared by the professor and manipulate it to represent it and show ratios etc. In 1. 96. 4, a book entitled Business Computer Language was written by Kimball, Stoffells and Walsh and both the book and program were copyrighted in 1. Pardo and Remy Landau, who filed in 1. U. S. Patent 4,3. While the patent was initially rejected by the patent office as being a purely mathematical invention, following 1. Pardo and Landau won a landmark court case at the CCPA (Predecessor Court of the Federal Circuit) overturning the Patent Office in 1. Co- inventor Rene Pardo recalls that he felt that one manager at Bell Canada should not have to depend on programmers to program and modify budgeting forms, and he thought of letting users type out forms in any order and having computer calculating results in the right order (. Pardo and Landau developed and implemented the software in 1. LANPAR was also used by General Motors. Its uniqueness was Pardo's co- invention incorporating forward referencing/natural order calculation (one of the first . Without forward referencing/natural order calculation, the user had to manually recalculate the spreadsheet as many times as necessary until the values in all the cells had stopped changing. Forward Referencing/Natural Order Calculation by a compiler was the cornerstone functionality required for any spreadsheet to be practical and successful. The LANPAR system was implemented on GE4. Honeywell 6. 00. 0 online timesharing systems enabling users to program remotely via computer terminals and modems. Data could be entered dynamically either by paper tape, specific file access, on line, or even external data bases. Sophisticated mathematical expressions including logical comparisons and . Leroy Ellison, Harry N. Cantrell, and Russell E. Edwards found themselves doing a large number of calculations when making tables for the business plans that they were presenting to venture capitalists. They decided to save themselves a lot of effort and wrote a computer program that produced their tables for them. This program, originally conceived as a simple utility for their personal use, would turn out to be the first software product offered by the company that would become known as Capex Corporation. A major application was opinion research tabulation.)Auto. Plan/Auto. Tab was not a WYSIWYGinteractive spreadsheet program, it was a simple scripting language for spreadsheets. The user defined the names and labels for the rows and columns, then the formulas that defined each row or column. In 1. 97. 5, Autotab- II was advertised as extending the original to a maximum of . It was implemented by IBM in at least 3. It ran on an IBM mainframe and was among the first applications for financial planning developed with APL that completely hid the programming language from the end- user. Through IBM's VM operating system, it was among the first programs to auto- update each copy of the application as new versions were released. Users could specify simple mathematical relationships between rows and between columns. Compared to any contemporary alternatives, it could support very large spreadsheets. It loaded actual financialdata drawn from the legacy batch system into each user's spreadsheet on a monthly basis. It was designed to optimize the power of APL through object kernels, increasing program efficiency by as much as 5. APLDOT modeling language. Visi. Calc was the first spreadsheet that combined all essential features of modern spreadsheet applications (except for forward referencing/natural order recalculation), such as WYSIWYG interactive user interface, automatic recalculation, status and formula lines, range copying with relative and absolute references, formula building by selecting referenced cells. Unaware of LANPAR at the time PC World magazine called Visi. Calc the first electronic spreadsheet. When the professor found an error, he had to tediously erase and rewrite a number of sequential entries in the table, triggering Bricklin to think that he could replicate the process on a computer, using the blackboard as the model to view results of underlying formulas. His idea became Visi. Calc, the first application that turned the personal computer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool. Visi. Calc went on to become the first killer app. Visi. Calc was in no small part responsible for the Apple II's success. The program was later ported to a number of other early computers, notably CP/M machines, the Atari 8- bit family and various Commodore platforms. Nevertheless, Visi. Calc remains best known as an Apple II program. Super. Calc. It quickly became the de facto standard spreadsheet for CP/M and was ported to MS- DOS in 1.
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